Oxygen saturation (SpO₂ / SaO₂) shows how fully hemoglobin is loaded with oxygen. Think of hemoglobin as a car with four seats — the “occupancy rate” makes the concept much easier to grasp. A core concept for anesthesia board exams and perioperative management team training.

Smoking before surgery? 🚬 Find out why anesthesiologists strongly recommend quitting—even a few days of abstinence can lower complications.

ASA-PS explained with clear examples and “E” for emergencies. A must-know common language for anesthesiologists and perioperative teams.

In the operating room, anesthesiologists usually perform intubation, but the greater risks lie in emergency ward or ER settings. Mistakes—especially esophageal intubation—can be fatal if undetected. While traditional confirmation methods have limitations, capnography remains the gold standard, and video laryngoscopes provide significant safety advantages.

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Muscle relaxants are essential in anesthesia for safe intubation and surgery. They act only on skeletal muscle—so no, they don’t stop the heart. An educational piece for anesthesia trainees, perioperative team members, and exam preparation.

Prophylactic antibiotics in surgery — when to give, which drug to choose, and how long to continue. A practical review for perioperative teams and anesthesiology board exam preparation.

DOACs directly inhibit thrombin or factor Xa, unlike heparin and warfarin. Essential knowledge for anesthesiology and perioperative team exams.

DOAC（直接経口抗凝固薬）は，ヘパリンやワルファリンと異なり，トロンビンやXa因子を直接阻害する薬です．周術期管理チーム試験・麻酔科専門医試験対策にも必須知識．