Muscle relaxants are essential in anesthesia for safe intubation and surgery. They act only on skeletal muscle—so no, they don’t stop the heart. An educational piece for anesthesia trainees, perioperative team members, and exam preparation.

Prophylactic antibiotics in surgery — when to give, which drug to choose, and how long to continue. A practical review for perioperative teams and anesthesiology board exam preparation.

DOACs directly inhibit thrombin or factor Xa, unlike heparin and warfarin. Essential knowledge for anesthesiology and perioperative team exams.

DOAC（直接経口抗凝固薬）は，ヘパリンやワルファリンと異なり，トロンビンやXa因子を直接阻害する薬です．周術期管理チーム試験・麻酔科専門医試験対策にも必須知識．

A clear guide to intracranial hypertension: symptoms, Cushing’s triad, anesthetic considerations, and intraoperative ICP control.

頭蓋内圧亢進症の基礎知識から症状，Cushing三徴，麻酔管理や術中の頭蓋内圧コントロールまで整理しました．麻酔科専門医試験・周術期管理チーム試験対策にも．

Anesthesia in hypertensive patients: drug management, autoregulation shifts, and intraoperative blood pressure swings explained.

高血圧患者の麻酔管理では，臓器血流自動調節能のシフトや薬剤の影響で血圧変動が大きくなります．周術期管理チーム試験・麻酔科専門医試験対策に．

Upper airway obstruction causes inspiratory stridor, while lower airway obstruction produces expiratory wheeze. This article explains the difference with simple physics-based illustrations.