麻酔科専門医試験対策，周術期管理チーム試験対策にも有用．放射線の影響は「確定的影響」と「確率的影響」に分かれます．全身リスクを評価する実効線量，各臓器・組織を評価する等価線量，そして医療従事者に設定される線量限度（実効線量限度，水晶体・皮膚・妊婦に関する等価線量限度）を解説しました．2018年に改訂された水晶体線量の基準など，試験に頻出するポイントも含めてまとめています．

This article, also useful for perioperative team management exam preparation, explains the key concepts of radiation protection: deterministic effects, stochastic effects, equivalent dose, and effective dose. Using simple analogies (a boxer’s punch vs. a probability game) along with charts and diagrams, it helps clarify how thresholds, Gy, and Sv are applied in clinical and occupational exposure.

麻酔科専門医試験対策や周術期管理チーム試験対策にも有用．放射線被曝の確率的影響と確定的影響，さらに等価線量と実効線量の違いをわかりやすく解説．例えや図解で理解が深まります．

Radiation is invisible energy that can affect the human body in different ways. This article explains external vs. internal exposure, and the differences between public, medical, and occupational exposure. With everyday examples and practical notes for healthcare professionals, it provides essential knowledge to balance safety and benefits in clinical practice.

麻酔科専門医試験対策や周術期管理チーム試験対策にも有用．放射線とは何か，外部被曝と内部被曝，公衆・医療・職業被曝の違いをわかりやすく解説．医療従事者必読の基本知識．

Essential tips for OR & cath lab staff: Radiation protection principles (Distance, Shielding, Time) and proper PPE use to reduce exposure risks.

周術期管理チーム試験対策や麻酔科専門医試験対策にも有用．放射線防護三原則（距離・遮蔽・時間）と個人防護具の使い方を解説．防護衣や甲状腺ガード，ゴーグルで日常業務の被曝を減らそう．

Hypoxemia is not a disease but a state: low oxygen in the blood (PaO₂ < 60 mmHg). In this article, we use a fruit shop and apples analogy to make complex physiology simple. We explore the differences between hypoxemia and hypoxia, and explain four main mechanisms—hypoventilation, impaired oxygenation, impaired transport, and impaired utilization—with clinical examples from perioperative care.

周術期管理チーム試験対策にも有用．低酸素血症は「状態」であり原因は多様．低換気，酸素化障害，運搬障害，利用障害を果物屋とリンゴの例えでわかりやすく解説．